IOSR-JEF   Volume-6 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan.-Feb 2015

Abstract: Food is a basic necessity of life. Yet more than 800 million people in developing countries are not getting enough of it. Food security is a condition related to the ongoing availability of food. According to the Food (FAO), food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". Individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food security indicators and measures are derived from country level household income and expenditure surveys to estimate per capita caloric availability.

Abstract: Corruption is a complex social phenomenon, which in addition to political and economic factors, also has deeply rooted cultural causes and social traditions which largely determine its existence and extent. Corruption itself in a certain sense is as old as human civilisation and it occurs everywhere in the world, in all political-economic systems. The social and economic impact of corruption is greater in developing nations than developed world. This paper discusses various definitions of corruption, their impacts to economic development, the detectability of corruption and ways to minimise corruption levels. The study has found many ways that may be followed by individuals, the government, business and anti-corruption bodies to reduce the level of corruption.

Key Words: Corruption, Social Factors, Economic Factors, Government Solutions, Individual Solutions, Zimbabwe.

Abstract:Tax elasticity and buoyancy estimates are the dynamic tools for measuring the tax performance. The main objectives of the study are to explore the tax system performance of Zimbabwe through the traditional tax ratio trends, dynamic measures tax buoyancy and tax elasticity. The study has applied traditional regression approach and the Dummy Variable Approach to calculate tax buoyancy. For the study period 2000 – 2013, both methods have yielded a tax buoyancy statistic of 1.013 (more than unitary) implying that the tax system is responsive to growth in national income. Using the Dummy Variable Approach, the study revealed that there is no significant differences in tax performance for the Zimbabwean Dollar Era and the Dollarisation Era. In an effort to enhance efficiency in government operations, the study has highlighted parastatals inefficiency that need immediate attention. Tax ratio trend has revealed an increase in effort over the dollarisation period.
Key Words: Tax Buoyancy, Elasticity, Tax Stability, Tax Ratio, Revenue Performance, Parastatal, GDP, Zimbabwe.

Abstract:Dollarisation can be a path to economic stability and growth if managed properly. Governments which end up dollarising only do so as a last resort.This paper used both explanatory and empirical approach to explore the nature of currency substitution and dollarisation in Zimbabwe. The paper also discuss the possibility and the requirements for de-dollarisation to take place. The process of dollarization in Zimbabwe was peculiar in that it was not backed by international reserves as is normally the case with countries that have dollarized. The only foreign currency that the government had was from taxation after full dollarisation. Currency substitution isan important phenomenon in countries with high inflation rates, complicating forecasts of money demand and making monetary policy more difficult to conduct. The most important incentive for currency substitution has been change in the domestic inflation rate, though there have been episodes of currency substitution arising for other reasons. Adequate reforms have been emphasized before de-dollarisation.
Key Words:Dollarisation, Currency substitution, Dedollarisation, Currency boards, Bad money, Good money, Gresham's law, Monetary policy, Monetary regime

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the role of accounting in the golden age of the Ayudhya Kingdom in the 17th century. At that time, Ayudhya was recognized by European countries as a super power in Southeast Asia and even surpassing London and Paris. In order to pay its soldiers, maintaining building, architects, and public officials, Ayudhya needed resources. It encourages author to find out the role of accounting in Ayudhya particularly from the military golden age during the reign of King Naresuan the Great up to the literature golden age during the reign of King Narai the Great. This interpretive case study tries to get a clear configuration of how accounting was posited and practiced in the Ayudhya Kingdom. Most of the research data used in this study are associated with sociology, politics, economics, and also religious beliefs obtained from the publications, such as international journals, reports, relevant researches, magazines, photos, and poetry. Researcher also considered the context and culture to get the full picture of the Ayudhya accounting and tried to interpret the facts with focusing on Ayudhya accounting role and practices in Ayudhya. This research conclude that accounting had plays an important role in the golden age of Ayudhya. Accounting has assisted the development of culture and literature as well as spiritual aspect. Thus it was associated with the development and advancement of Ayudhya in achieving its own golden age in the 17th century and become a new powerful force in Southeast Asia and to have well recognized from European countries at that time.

Keywords: Ayudhya, study of text, the role of accounting

Abstract: This article evaluates the impact of poultry feed prices and price variability on poultry production in rural Kenya. The study utilizes a cross sectional farm-household data collected in 2014 from a randomly selected sample of 134 farmers engaged in layers and broilers production. The authors applied Nerlovian and econometric models to estimate the causal impacts. The Nerlovian coefficient of adjustment was 0.394 for layers and 0.182 for broiler. This implies that the rate of adjustment was moderate for layer farmers and slow for broiler farmers. Thus poultry feed manufacturers should adjust prices of layer feeds moderately and the prices of broiler feeds slowly if these farmers were to remain in gainful production. Results of econometric model show that lagged prices of poultry feeds has a significant influence on layers and broilers population kept in the current period. Although there was significant poultry population growth, time and poultry population had a negative relationship implying that individual farmers were rearing less and less birds with time. This indicates that if the government develops measures aimed at reducing variability in feed prices and those that may enhance farmers ability to adjust to or cope with price changes, it would result in improved and sustained poultry production.

Keywords: Price variability; Poultry feeds; Impact, Poultry production, Kenya

Abstract: The Strengthening Of The Banking Sector Of The Nigerian Economy Has Always Been The Epicenter Of Every Macro-Economic Policy In Nigeria. Establishing The Asset Management Corporation Of Nigeria (Amcon) In Reviving This Sector During The Global Financial Crisis Is An Indication That The Country Is Unwavering In Its Pursuit Of Becoming The Continent's Financial Power House Come 2020. This Study Examined The Role Played By Amcon During This Period. Empirically, Will There Have Been Distress In The Industry As The Crisis Unfolded? It Is In View Of This That Desk Information Were Collected And Analyzed Using Content Analysis By Comparing Various Financial Variables - Capital Adequacy Ratio (Car), Non- Performing Loans (Npls),Eligible Bank Assets (Ebas) And Non Financial Variables- Determinants Of Survival Of A Firm. The Results Revealed That The Banking Sector Would Have Distressed Had Amcon Not Intervened And That Its Intervention Was A Lifeline.

Keywords: Amcon, Npls, Ebas, Car, Ndic

Abstract: Since 1995, there is a downward trend of CO2 emissions in the Euro-Mediterranean countries. It seeks to identify the political and economic factors of this performance; in particular, the role played by the severity of the environmental policy. This article is the result of a parametric search, in which we developed two structural equation of pollution, one for the demand and the other for the supply. We used the technique of MMG-system to estimate appropriate model for our sample countries euro-Mediterranean (also called Barcelona Process), divided into three groups of countries: European, Arab Mediterranean, MEDA group. The period of our study spans between 1995 and 2009.

Abstract: The constituency development Fund (CDF) projects capacity building, monitoring and evaluation is vested on the constituency development Fund committee (CDFC) and the CDF board and allowed 2% of the allocation to be used for the purpose. Many people in kenya do not agree on the achievement of CDF projects stated objectives hence the issue of its success. The study sought to establish the factors affecting monitoring and evaluation on (CDF) projects with reference to technical capacity, political influence, stakeholders' participation, and budgetary allocation of CDF projects in Kenya. Monitoring and evaluation process is significant in ensuring the objectives of the CDF projects are achieved. Descriptive research design was used. The target population was all the Project Management Committee (PMC) and CDFC members. Stratified random sampling was used to get the sample. Data was collected using questionnaires which were subjected to content, face and construct validity tests. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Mean, standard deviation, correlation, ANOVA and Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effectiveness of Monitoring and evaluation for CDF projects. The model was able to explain 85.6% of the variances in Effectiveness in Monitoring and evaluation thus it's a significant tool on CDF projects at 5%. The research recommended efficient monitoring and evaluation on CDF projects in order to achieve the intended objectives.

Keywords: Budgetary allocation, Evaluation and Monitoring, Project, Technical capacity, stakeholders and political influence.

Abstract: In this paper, performance evaluation of District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs) of Andhra Pradesh state in India during the years 2006-2011 is carried out through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Further the banks were ranked based on their technical efficiencies and super-efficiency model is used to resolve the rank tie-breaking among the DCCBs. Total Factor Productivity (TFP), technical change and technological change are also obtained with the help of Malmquist Index.

Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis, District Central Co-operative Banks, Malmquist Index, Super-efficiency, Total Factor Productivity

Abstract: The Pakistan-China trade evolved to become a competitive strategy for the two nations. The increasing globalization has enabled Pakistan to benefit big from the partnerships with other countries around the world. This research has explored the trade partnerships between China and Pakistan especially the banking collaborations. Further, the research has explored in depth how these two countries have use internationalization strategy as a mechanism of survival and economic development. These two countries have been able to trade without many barriers to entry of goods and services. Therefore, the paper has mainly focused on banking collaborations between china and Pakistan. However, the research has noted that most of Pakistan banks have restricted their collaborations domestically. The paper further has looked at the viability and importance banking collaborations to the economy of these two countries and also to the banks. In addition, the paper has explored the trade partnerships between china and Pakistan. No country is an Island and therefore it is important that countries collaborate and partner in matters of development. Therefore, the paper has explored the partnerships that exist between these two countries and the trade agreements between them.

Keywords: Trade development, Banking Collaboration, Economy, Pakistan and China.

Abstract: ..............